- Head and Neck
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- Atlanto-axial joint
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- Joints of foot
- Ankle joint
- Intertarsal joints
- Talocalcaneonavicular joint
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- Transverse tarsal joint (Chopart's joint)
- Cuneonavicular joint
- Subtalar joint
- Tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc's joint)
- Intermetatarsal joints
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- Muscles
- Head muscles
- Extraocular muscles
- Superior rectus
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- Superior oblique
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- Levator palpebrae superioris
- Facial muscles
- Occipitofrontalis
- Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
- Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
- Corrugator supercilii
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- Orbicularis oculi
- Orbital part of orbicularis oculi
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- Buccinator
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- Mentalis
- Depressor anguli oris
- Depressor labii inferioris
- Levator anguli oris
- Levator labii superioris
- Risorius
- Zygomaticus major
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- Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
- Nasalis
- Alar nasalis
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- Procerus
- Depressor septi nasi
- Compressor narium minor
- Dilator naris anterior
- Muscles of mastication
- Temporalis
- Masseter
- Lateral pterygoid
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- Neck muscles
- Superficial neck muscles
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Platysma
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- Suprahyoid muscles
- Mylohyoid
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- Anterior belly of digastric
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- Stylohyoid
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- Infrahyoid muscles
- Sternohyoid
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- Prevertebral muscles
- Longus capitis
- Longus colli
- Rectus capitis anterior
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- Suboccipital muscles
- Rectus capitis posterior minor
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- Obliquus capitis superior
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- Muscles of upper limb
- Muscles of pectoral girdle
- Pectoralis major
- Muscles of shoulder region
- Deltoid
- Teres major
- Rotator cuff
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
- Subscapularis
- Muscles of upper arm
- Anterior compartment
- Coracobrachialis
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- Biceps brachii
- Posterior compartment
- Triceps brachii
- Anconeus
- Muscles of forearm
- Anterior compartment
- Pronator teres
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Palmaris longus
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Flexor digitorum superficialis
- Flexor digitorum profundus
- Flexor pollicis longus
- Pronator quadratus
- Lateral compartment
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis
- Posterior compartment
- Extensor digitorum
- Extensor digiti minimi
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Abductor pollicis longus
- Extensor pollicis brevis
- Extensor pollicis longus
- Extensor indicis
- Supinator
- Muscles of hand
- Medial group (Muscles of little finger)
- Abductor digiti minimi of hand
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis of hand
- Opponens digiti minimi of hand
- Palmaris brevis
- Middle group of hand muscles
- Lumbricals of hand
- Palmar interossei
- Dorsal interossei of hand
- Lateral group (Muscles of thumb)
- Abductor pollicis brevis
- Flexor pollicis brevis
- Opponens pollicis
- Adductor pollicis
- Thoracic muscles
- Diaphragm
- Muscles of back
- Superficial back muscles
- Trapezius
- Latissimus dorsi
- Rhomboid muscles
- Levator scapulae
- Intermediate back muscles
- Serratus posterior superior
- Serratus posterior inferior
- Deep back muscles
- Superficial layer
- Splenius capitis
- Splenius cervicis
- Intermediate layer (Erector Spinae)
- Spinalis
- Longissimus
- Iliocostalis
- Deep layer (Transversospinales)
- Rotatores
- Multifidus
- Semispinalis
- Deepest layer
- Interspinales
- Intertransversarii
- Levatores costarum
- Muscles of lower limb
- Pelvic muscles
- Iliopsoas
- Iliacus
- Psoas major
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- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fasciae latae
- Piriformis
- Obturator internus
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- Superior gemellus
- Inferior gemellus
- Quadratus femoris
- Muscles of thigh
- Anterior compartment
- Quadriceps femoris
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus medialis
- Vastus intermedius
- Vastus lateralis
- Sartorius
- Medial compartment
- Pectineus
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor longus
- Adductor magnus
- Gracilis
- Posterior compartment
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
- Biceps femoris
- Muscles of leg
- Anterior compartment
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Lateral compartment
- Peroneus longus
- Peroneus brevis
- Posterior compartment
- Superficial layer
- Triceps surae
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
- Deep layer
- Popliteus
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Muscles of foot
- Dorsal muscles of foot
- Extensor digitorum brevis
- Extensor hallucis brevis
- Plantar muscles of foot
- Medial group (Muscles of big toe)
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Adductor hallucis
- Middle group of foot muscles
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Quadratus plantae
- Lumbricals of foot
- Plantar interossei
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- Lateral group (Muscles of little toe)
- Abductor digiti minimi of foot
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis of foot
- Opponens digiti minimi of foot
- Heart
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- Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
- Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
- Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
- Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
- Abducens nerve (CN VI)
- Facial nerve (CN VII)
- Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
- Vagus nerve (CN X)
- Accessory nerve (CN XI)
- Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Spinal nerves
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- Cervical plexus
- Lesser occipital nerve
- Great auricular nerve
- Transverse cervical nerve
- Supraclavicular nerves
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- Femoral nerve
- Saphenous nerve
- Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
- Genitofemoral nerve
- Obturator nerve
- Iliohypogastric nerve
- Ilioinguinal nerve
- Sacral plexus
- Superior gluteal nerve
- Inferior gluteal nerve
- Pudendal nerve
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- Dorsal nerve of penis
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- Inferior rectal nerves
- Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
- Inferior cluneal nerves
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- Sciatic nerve
- Common peroneal nerve
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- Superficial peroneal nerve
- Tibial nerve
- Medial plantar nerve
- Lateral plantar nerve
- Medial sural cutaneous nerve
- Sural nerve
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-
Nervous system
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-
Peripheral nervous system
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Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
The trigeminal nerve (Latin: nervus trigeminus), the fifth cranial nerve (CN V), is a mixed nerve containing sensory and motor fibers. It provides sensory innervation for the mucous membrane of the oral and nasal cavities, orbit, ear, conjunctiva, and the skin of the face and scalp. The motor fibers of the trigeminal nerve innervate the muscles of the first branchial arch, which include all masticatory muscles.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves and it develops from the mesoderm of the first branchial arch. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the middle cerebral peduncles with two roots: the sensory and the motor root of the trigeminal nerve. The sensory root is larger than the motor one.
Trigeminal nerve nuclei
The trigeminal nerve is connected with four nuclei in the central nervous system located in the superior aspect of the rhomboid fossa. These nuclei provide the nerve with fibers of different modalities, and they include the following:
- Trigeminal motor nucleus - the only somatic motor (special visceral efferent) nucleus of the trigeminal nerve;
- Principal sensory nucleus - general sensory afferent nucleus located in the pons;
- Spinal trigeminal nucleus - general sensory afferent nucleus located in the medulla oblongata;
- Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus - another general sensory afferent nucleus located in the midbrain.
Trigeminal nerve roots and trigeminal ganglion
The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve has an enlargement - the trigeminal ganglion (Gasserian ganglion), which is formed by the cell bodies (perikaryons) of pseudounipolar neurons providing sensory fibers for the trigeminal nerve. This ganglion is located in the slit-like cavity or pouch of the dura mater called the trigeminal (Meckel's) cave and is lying on the trigeminal impression of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The motor root is located below the trigeminal ganglion.
Trigeminal nerve branches
Beyond the trigeminal ganglion, the trigeminal nerve divides into three major branches or divisions:
The first branch of the trigeminal nerve is the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) - a sensory nerve that carries information to the central nervous system (CNS) from structures of the upper part of the face and scalp - eyeball (for example, cornea and conjunctiva) and orbit, lacrimal glands, skin of the upper face (forehead) and anterior scalp, lining of the upper part of the nasal cavity and ethmoid air cells, as well as frontal sinus and the meninges of the anterior cranial fossa.
The maxillary nerve is the second division of the trigeminal nerve. This nerve, with its branches, carries sensory information to the CNS from the middle part of the face - upper gingiva, upper jaw and upper teeth, skin of the middle part of the face (zygomatic area), mucosa of the palate, and nasal cavity, upper lip, and cheek, as well as the dura mater of the middle cranial fossa.
The third branch of the trigeminal nerve is known as the mandibular nerve. It is a mixed nerve, and its branches innervate the lower parts of the face. Its sensory branches innervate several skin regions of the face (mandibular area, lower lip), as well as the mucosa of the oral cavity, lower teeth, and lower gingiva, while the motor branches of the mandibular nerve supply muscles of the first branchial arch, including all muscles of mastication.
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